Electrical transport measurements are a fundamental materials characterization technique that can provide insight into the scattering mechanisms and band structure of solid-state materials. As described in quantum mechanics, macroscopic carrier transport is one of the most fundamental concepts of electronic material properties, with significant gate-tunable effects in low-dimensional systems and at low temperatures.
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) is one of the most informative techniques for the electronic structure of paramagnetic materials.EPR spectroscopy is particularly useful for studying chemical systems with strong local spin densities and their interactions with the environment.
The Hall effect is a kind of electromagnetic effect. When the current passes through the semiconductor perpendicular to the external magnetic field, the carriers are deflected, and an additional electric field is generated perpendicular to the direction of the current and the magnetic field, thereby generating a potential difference between the two ends of the semiconductor. The phenomenon is the Hall effect. The Hall effect is widely used in material characterization and magnetic field sensing.
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy characterizes material properties by measuring complex responses in the frequency range from terahertz to tens of terahertz. In this frequency band, various resonance phenomena such as electron and phonon excitations in solid materials are usually observed.
Microfluidics, as a technology for manipulating micro-volume fluids at microscopic scales, is an emerging interdisciplinary subject involving the fields of micromechanics, fluids, physics, materials, biology, chemistry and biomedicine. Because of the characteristics of miniaturization and integration, microfluidic devices are often referred to as microfluidic chips, also known as Lab on a Chip and micro-Total Analytical System ( μTAS ). ).
Cyclic voltammetry refers to controlling the potential under study to scan from the initial potential to the reverse potential at a constant speed, changing the scanning direction, scanning back to the initial potential at the same speed, and continuing to reverse the potential, repeatedly scanning, and recording the current-potential The curves are called cyclic voltammetry lines.
Samples of superconducting material applied by a weak alternating voltage can occur a weak current through itself, which can be measured by LIA in order to avoid the measurement error from thermoelectric EMF effect.
Turbine flaw detectors used by smelters are a type of device similar to metal detectors that can automatically check for metal body damage.
To measure the chemical impedance at complex frequencies, a frequency response analyzer, known as the digital version of the lock-in amplifier, is used to make the frequency sweep easier to use.
Tensile tests are to be carried out when evaluating the strength of metallic materials. In order to detect small changes in metal cracks or shape, you can measure the AC resistance of sample (called AC potential method).
